his article reconstructs the constitutional genealogy of the duty to defend the homeland, tracing its origins as a legal category specific to modern constitutionalism. The analysis begins by distinguishing between pre-modern forms of military obligation – rooted in personal bonds of loyalty, estate-based structures, and feudal relations – and the duty of defence understood as a general obligation of the citizen towards the political community. This conceptual transformation finds its paradigmatic moment of emergence in the French Revolution, which constitutes the theoretical and normative laboratory in which the modern nexus between citizenship, national sovereignty, and participation in public force was consolidated. Through the examination of doctrinal sources and successive constitutional formulations – from the Constitution of 1791 to the Declaration of Rights and Duties of 1795, from the Jourdan-Delbrel Law to the Constitution of Year VIII – the article reconstructs the gradual transition from voluntary patriotic mobilisation to the legal duty of service and obedience. The Napoleonic era sealed this process by imposing the model of the disciplined citizen-soldier as the emblematic figure of the new political order. The article highlights the constitutive ambivalence of the category: the duty of defence expresses at once civic belonging and the legitimation of the state’s claim to individual sacrifice, oscillating between political solidarity and the logic of coercive mobilisation. This tension, far from being merely historical, remains unresolved in contemporary constitutions – and notably in the Italian legal order, between Art. 11 and Art. 52 of the Constitution – retaining its full relevance in current public debate.
Il contributo ricostruisce la genealogia costituzionale del dovere di difesa della patria, indagandone le origini come categoria giuridica propria del costituzionalismo moderno. L’analisi muove dalla distinzione tra le forme premoderne di obbligo militare – radicate in vincoli di fedeltà personale, strutture cetuali e rapporti signorili – e il dovere di difesa inteso come obbligazione generale del cittadino nei confronti della comunità politica. Questa trasformazione concettuale trova il proprio punto di emersione paradigmatico nella Rivoluzione francese, che costituisce il laboratorio teorico e normativo in cui si consolida il nesso moderno tra cittadinanza, sovranità nazionale e partecipazione alla forza pubblica. Attraverso l’esame delle fonti dottrinali e delle successive formulazioni costituzionali – dalla Costituzione del 1791 alla Dichiarazione dei diritti e dei doveri del 1795, dalla legge Jourdan-Delbrel alla Costituzione dell’anno VIII – il saggio ricostruisce il progressivo passaggio dalla mobilitazione patriottica volontaria al dovere giuridico di servizio e obbedienza. La stagione napoleonica sigla questo percorso imponendo il modello del soldato-cittadino disciplinato come figura emblematica del nuovo ordine politico. Il lavoro pone in luce l’ambivalenza costitutiva della categoria: il dovere di difesa esprime al contempo appartenenza civica e legittimazione della pretesa statale al sacrificio individuale, oscillando tra solidarietà politica e logica della mobilitazione coattiva. Tale tensione, lungi dall’essere storica, rimane irrisolta nelle costituzioni contemporanee – e segnatamente nell'ordinamento italiano, tra l’art. 11 e l’art. 52 Cost. – conservando intatta la propria rilevanza nel dibattito pubblico attuale.
Per una genealogia costituzionale del dovere di difesa della patria: dalla Rivoluzione francese al soldato napoleonico
Antonio Mastropaolo
2026-01-01
Abstract
his article reconstructs the constitutional genealogy of the duty to defend the homeland, tracing its origins as a legal category specific to modern constitutionalism. The analysis begins by distinguishing between pre-modern forms of military obligation – rooted in personal bonds of loyalty, estate-based structures, and feudal relations – and the duty of defence understood as a general obligation of the citizen towards the political community. This conceptual transformation finds its paradigmatic moment of emergence in the French Revolution, which constitutes the theoretical and normative laboratory in which the modern nexus between citizenship, national sovereignty, and participation in public force was consolidated. Through the examination of doctrinal sources and successive constitutional formulations – from the Constitution of 1791 to the Declaration of Rights and Duties of 1795, from the Jourdan-Delbrel Law to the Constitution of Year VIII – the article reconstructs the gradual transition from voluntary patriotic mobilisation to the legal duty of service and obedience. The Napoleonic era sealed this process by imposing the model of the disciplined citizen-soldier as the emblematic figure of the new political order. The article highlights the constitutive ambivalence of the category: the duty of defence expresses at once civic belonging and the legitimation of the state’s claim to individual sacrifice, oscillating between political solidarity and the logic of coercive mobilisation. This tension, far from being merely historical, remains unresolved in contemporary constitutions – and notably in the Italian legal order, between Art. 11 and Art. 52 of the Constitution – retaining its full relevance in current public debate.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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