Gender identity and maternity: A comparison among biological mother, adoptive mother,and women without children The present study aims at exploring gender identity and its relationships with motherhood. We compared three groups of women with different experiences of motherhood: biological mothers (N = 73), adoptive mothers (N = 39), and childless women (N = 59). We hypothesize that the experience modifies both attitude and emotions toward motherhood and their relationship with gender identity. A newly devised self-report questionnaire was administered to collect free associations to three inducers (mother, child, adoption) and to measure women’s social identity, emotions and attitudes toward motherhood. Main results highlight a shared conceptual core, where motherhood is seen as a positive experience that evokes elements of love, happiness and completeness. With regard to the differences between the three groups, the mothers feel intense positive emotions; the childless women seem to focus especially on the negative aspects of the maternal role; the adoptive mothers underline the courage they think is necessary to be a mother. Lastly, gender identity is strongly associated to motherhood: in a more positive way and underlining realization, family and body aspects by the biological mothers; with associations to negative aspects by the adoptive mothers, who feel «lesser» citizens than the other women; and by the childless women who are in an intermediate position.
Il presente studio esplora l’identità di genere delle donne e le sue relazioni con la maternità. Abbiamo confrontato tre gruppi di donne con esperienza diversa rispetto alla maternità: madri biologiche (N = 73), madri adottive (N = 39), donne senza figli (N = 59), nell’ipotesi che l’esperienza modifichi sia l’atteggiamento e le emozioni verso la maternità sia le sue relazioni con l’identità di genere. È stato somministrato un questionario autocompilato che raccoglie le associazioni libere a tre induttori (madre, figlio, adozione) e misura l’identità di genere, le emozioni e l’atteggiamento verso la maternità. I principali risultati hanno permesso di porre in luce un nucleo concettuale consensuale secondo il quale la maternità costituisce un’esperienza positiva che evoca principalmente elementi di amore, felicità e realizzazione. Considerando le differenze tra i tre gruppi di partecipanti, le madri provano intense emozioni positive, mentre le donne senza figli sembrano concentrarsi sugli aspetti negativi del ruolo materno; le madri adottive, invece, sottolineano il coraggio a loro avviso indispensabile per ricoprire il ruolo materno ma sottostimano gli aspetti negativi ed esprimono ambivalenza rispetto alle madri biologiche. Infine, l’identità di genere è fortemente associata alla maternità, in modo più positivo e sottolineando gli aspetti di realizzazione, corporei e famigliari nelle madri biologiche, con associazioni ad aspetti negativi nella madri adottive, che si sentono meno «cittadine» delle altre,e con una posizione intermedia nelle non madri.
Identità di genere e maternità: Un confronto fra madri biologiche, madri adottive e donne senza figli
MONACI M.G.;
2010-01-01
Abstract
Gender identity and maternity: A comparison among biological mother, adoptive mother,and women without children The present study aims at exploring gender identity and its relationships with motherhood. We compared three groups of women with different experiences of motherhood: biological mothers (N = 73), adoptive mothers (N = 39), and childless women (N = 59). We hypothesize that the experience modifies both attitude and emotions toward motherhood and their relationship with gender identity. A newly devised self-report questionnaire was administered to collect free associations to three inducers (mother, child, adoption) and to measure women’s social identity, emotions and attitudes toward motherhood. Main results highlight a shared conceptual core, where motherhood is seen as a positive experience that evokes elements of love, happiness and completeness. With regard to the differences between the three groups, the mothers feel intense positive emotions; the childless women seem to focus especially on the negative aspects of the maternal role; the adoptive mothers underline the courage they think is necessary to be a mother. Lastly, gender identity is strongly associated to motherhood: in a more positive way and underlining realization, family and body aspects by the biological mothers; with associations to negative aspects by the adoptive mothers, who feel «lesser» citizens than the other women; and by the childless women who are in an intermediate position.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.